Can Anemia Cause Depression?

Munira Electricwala

Psychologist | Researcher | Psychological Scientist | Writer

1 Oct 20244 min read

3d render of blood cells on abstract background - Can Anemia Cause Depression?

Introduction: Could Your Low Iron Levels Be Causing Your Low Mood?

Anemia is often seen as a simple blood disorder, but its implications can extend far beyond physical health. As many as 2.36 billion people worldwide are affected by anemia, which can lead to a variety of symptoms, including fatigue and weakness. These symptoms can overlap with those of depression, raising an important question: Can anemia cause depression? The relationship between these two conditions is complex and varies among individuals, influenced by factors such as lifestyle, diet, and overall health.

Understanding Anemia and Depression by Definition

Anemia is a condition characterized by a deficiency in the number of red blood cells or the amount of haemoglobin in the blood, leading to reduced oxygen transport throughout the body. Common causes include iron deficiency, vitamin B12 deficiency, and chronic diseases. Symptoms may include fatigue, weakness, pale skin, and shortness of breath.

Depression is a prevalent mental health disorder that affects how you feel, think, and act. It can manifest through persistent sadness, loss of interest in activities, changes in appetite or sleep patterns, and difficulty concentrating. Major depressive disorder can significantly impair daily functioning and quality of life.

Can Anemia Cause Depression?

The answer is not straightforward; research indicates a potential link between anemia and depression, but the relationship may be bidirectional.

Anemia can impact brain function and has been associated with cognitive impairment and fatigue, both of which can contribute to depression. Studies also suggest that treating anemia may lower the risk of depression, particularly in older adults.

Present Research Findings on the Connection Between Anemia and Depression

Studies Suggest: A study found that individuals with more severe depressive symptoms were more likely to experience anemia. This suggests that depression might increase the risk of developing anemia due to factors like poor nutrition or lifestyle choices.

Longitudinal Studies: Research involving older adults has shown that depression can be an independent risk factor for anemia over time. In one study (2023), higher levels of depressive symptoms were associated with increased odds of developing anemia after four years.

Iron Deficiency and Mood Disorders: A study (2023) indicated that iron deficiency anemia is particularly linked to mood disorders. The lack of iron can affect neurotransmitter synthesis, which may exacerbate depressive symptoms.

Psychological Mechanisms: Psychological distress from depression may also lead to physiological changes that contribute to anemia. For instance, increased sympathetic tone in depressed individuals can impact bone marrow function and erythropoiesis (red blood cell production).

Bidirectional Relationship: Some research (2023) suggests that while anemia can lead to depressive symptoms due to low oxygen levels in the body, existing depression may also contribute to the development of anemia through mechanisms like malnutrition or unhealthy behaviours.

Symptoms of Depression to check. This will help you understand when to seek help:

Emotional Symptoms

Persistent Sadness: A continuous feeling of sadness or emptiness.
⁠Irritability: Increased frustration or anger over minor issues.
Feelings of Hopelessness: A belief that things will never get better.
⁠Guilt or Worthlessness: Excessive feelings of guilt or a sense of being a failure.

Physical Symptoms

Changes in Appetite: Significant weight loss or gain, or changes in eating habits.
Sleep Disturbances: Insomnia or sleeping too much.
Fatigue: A constant feeling of tiredness or lack of energy.
⁠Aches and Pains: Unexplained physical symptoms, such as headaches or digestive issues.

Cognitive Symptoms

⁠Difficulty Concentrating: Trouble focusing, making decisions, or remembering things.
Negative Thinking: A tendency to dwell on negative thoughts or events.

Behavioural Symptoms

⁠Withdrawal from Social Activities: Avoiding friends, family, and previously enjoyed activities.
⁠Decreased Performance: A decline in work or academic performance.

By understanding the potential links between anemia and depression, individuals can take proactive steps toward better health outcomes through appropriate medical care and lifestyle adjustments. Check out Mave Health’s personalized support programs and resources on tDCS that are designed to address these complex issues.

Do Read More About Depression

Conclusion

The relationship between anemia and depression is intricate and multifaceted. While evidence supports a connection where each condition can influence the other, individual factors play a crucial role in this dynamic. It is essential for anyone experiencing symptoms of either condition to consult healthcare providers for personalized guidance and treatment options tailored to their needs.

References

Can Anemia Lead to Anxiety and Depression? (2024, September 17). Rupa Health. https://www.rupahealth.com/post/can-anemia-lead-to-anxiety-and-depression
Electricwala, M. (2024b, August 27). Neurotransmitters: Roles, Functions, and Impact on Mental Health. MAVE HEALTH PRIVATE LIMITED. https://www.mavehealth.com/blogs/neurotransmitters-functions-examples-disorders
Ewumi, O. (2022, November 24). What is the relationship between anemia and depression? https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/anemia-and-depression
Liu, C., Zhou, R., Peng, X., Zhu, T., Wei, W., & Hao, X. (2023). Relationship between depressive symptoms and anemia among the middle-aged and elderly: a cohort study over 4-year period. BMC Psychiatry, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-05047-6
McKim, D. B., Yin, W., Wang, Y., Cole, S. W., Godbout, J. P., & Sheridan, J. F. (2018). Social Stress Mobilizes Hematopoietic Stem Cells to Establish Persistent Splenic Myelopoiesis. Cell Reports, 25(9), 2552-2562.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2018.10.102
World Health Organization: WHO. (2019, November 12). Anaemia. https://www.who.int/health-topics/anaemia
Wu, Q., Ren, Q., Meng, J., Gao, W., & Chang, Y. (2023). Brain Iron Homeostasis and Mental Disorders. Antioxidants, 12(11), 1997. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12111997
Zielińska, M., Łuszczki, E., & Dereń, K. (2023). Dietary Nutrient Deficiencies and Risk of Depression (Review Article 2018–2023). Nutrients, 15(11), 2433. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15112433
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